Understanding Delirium

Delirium is a medical condition that causes a sudden change in mental function, often resulting in confusion, agitation, or changes in behavior. It can appear quickly, fluctuate throughout the day, and may last for several days or longer. Delirium is most common in older adults and can be a serious condition if not recognized and treated promptly.

What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Delirium?

Symptoms of delirium can vary and may come on suddenly. Common signs include:

• Changes in personality or behavior
• Confusion or restlessness
• Difficulty paying attention
• Being unaware of surroundings
• Feeling agitated, fearful, sad, angry, or upset
• Withdrawal from family or usual activities

If you notice these changes, it’s important to alert a nurse or doctor right away.

Delirium vs. Dementia

Delirium and dementia are different conditions, though they may appear similar.

• Delirium is often temporary, develops suddenly, and symptoms can fluctuate during the day.
• Dementia develops slowly over time and involves a gradual, irreversible decline in cognitive function.

Recognizing the difference is important, as delirium can often be treated and reversed.

Who Is at Risk for Delirium?

Delirium is more common in older adults, particularly those who are hospitalized or in long-term care settings. The risk is higher for individuals who:

• Are age 65 or older
• Are experiencing illness or recovering from surgery
• Take multiple medications
• Have dementia or depression
• Are malnourished
• Have vision or hearing impairment
• Are exposed to intensive care unit (ICU) environments
• Are experiencing uncontrolled pain
• Are sleep‑deprived
• Have advanced stages of cancer

How Is Delirium Treated?

Delirium is usually associated with an underlying physical illness and can sometimes be overlooked. Treatment begins with a thorough medical assessment to identify and address the cause. Managing symptoms and supporting recovery are key parts of care.